2 Originally a practitioner of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s policy of nonviolent resistance, Carmichael changed his mind about nonviolent resistance after-according to a History Channel profile-observing activists endure “repeated acts of violence and humiliation at the hands of white police officers without recourse.” 3 In Black Power, a 1967 book he co-authored, he wrote that “rampaging white mobs and white night-riders must be made to understand that their days of free head-whipping are over. 1 Once an Alabama field organizer for the SNCC in charge of a successful African-American voter drive, and a participant in numerous civil rights demonstrations and acts of civil disobedience in the American South during the 1960s, he was arrested at least 32 times. In 1966-67 he was the national chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
Stokely Carmichael (later named Kwame Ture) was a radical socialist American civil rights activist who later became a black nationalist and separatist.
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